Que. Explain why the majority of the known Harappan settlements are located in the semi-arid areas with saline groundwater. 

प्रश्न: समझाइए कि क्या कारण है कि अधिकांश ज्ञात हड़प्पाकालीन बस्तियाँ लवणीय भू-जल वाले अर्ध-शुष्क क्षेत्रों में अवस्थित हैं। 

Introduction:

V Gordon Childe in his analysis of Urban features pointed out the diverse economic base which could not be possible in the Arid area. In case it existed this sheds light on the adaptability and resourcefulness of the Harappan civilization, which thrived around 2600-1900 BCE in the Indus Valley and surrounding regions reflecting greater technological adaptation.

Semi Arid condition existed in Harappa and following could be the reasons for the location:

(i) River Dependency: Rivers provided a steady source of water for agriculture, which was vital for the sustenance of these ancient cities. Semiarid regions near riverbanks offered fertile land for cultivation, prompting settlement in these areas.

(ii) Saline Groundwater Challenge: While the rivers provided freshwater for irrigation and daily use, the availability of potable water was a challenge. Semiarid regions often have saline groundwater due to high evaporation rates, making it unsuitable for drinking and irrigation. The Harappans developed advanced water management techniques, including the construction of elaborate, gravity-fed canal systems to transport freshwater from the rivers to the settlements, mitigating the issue of saline groundwater. Eg. Dholavira had an impressive and unique water harvesting and management system.

(iii) Trade and Transportation: The Harappan civilization was known for its extensive trade networks, both within the Indian subcontinent and with distant regions like Mesopotamia. Being situated near rivers allowed for easy transportation of goods via boats, facilitating trade. The navigable waters of the Indus River were essential for commerce and contributed to the economic prosperity of the Harappans.

(iv) Climate Adaptation: The Harappans adapted to the semiarid climate by practicing crop rotation and using advanced agricultural techniques to maximize crop yields. They also built their cities with advanced drainage systems to cope with periodic flooding and prevent waterlogging.

(v) Defensive Advantage: The semiarid regions often provided a natural defensive advantage. The settlements’ locations were chosen strategically to have elevated positions, which offered protection against floods and potential invasions. The layout of cities like Mohenjo-Daro with its high citadel exemplifies this.

The Harappan Cities were not located in Semi-arid or Arid region due to following:

(i) Depiction of Forest in form of Flora and fauna in the seals and sealings. As highlighted by Shreen Ratnagar.

(ii) Archaeologist D V Sharma in his study has pointed out that ancient civilizations have developed in the vicinity of rivers which tends to be fertile land due to high water table.

(iii) Archeological Findings: Gurdip Singh in his study of pollen in Rajasthan suggested wetter conditions in Harappan civilization.

Conclusion:

To overcome the challenge of saline groundwater, the Harappans developed sophisticated water management systems, including canals and drainage networks, showcasing their advanced engineering skills.