Vedic Period:
Que. Evaluate various views regarding human settlements as gleaned from the Vedic sources. [UPSC CSE-2013]
Approach:
(1) Explain briefly the Vedic sources.
(2) Mention some references to human settlement in the Rig Veda Samhita and types of Aryan settlement.
(3) Mention some different views regarding human settlements as gleaned from the Vedic sources.
(4) Conclude by stating the importance of Vedic sources.
Introduction:
The Vedic sources, particularly the Rigveda, provide insights into the lifestyle, social organization, and settlements of the ancient Indo-Aryans. Interpretations of Vedic texts have led to various views regarding human settlements during that period. While the Rigveda is primarily a collection of hymns and poetry focused on religious and cosmological themes, it offers glimpses into the society and settlements of the time.
Some References to Human Settlement in the Rig Veda Samhita:
(1) The human settlements referred to in this text are termed as grama and pur.
(2) Grama occurs nine times and pur occurs eighty-five times in this text.
(3) In the view of the above facts it is wrong to assume that the Vedic culture was of a wholly rural background.
On the Basis of Function, 5 types of Aryan Settlement:
(1) Goshala (cattle ranch).
(2) Pali (Small settlement).
(3) Durg (fort).
(4) Pattan (town).
(5) Nagara (city).
Some Different Views Regarding Human Settlements as Gleaned from the Vedic Sources:
(1) Nomadic or Semi-Nomadic Pastoralism: Some scholars suggest that the early Vedic society was semi-nomadic or pastoral, with people engaging in cattle rearing and herding. The Rigvedic hymns contain references to cows, horses, and chariots, suggesting an agrarian- pastoral lifestyle.
(2) Semi-Permanent Settlements: Another perspective posits that while the Indo-Aryans were mobile due to pastoral activities, they established semi-permanent settlements in regions suitable for agriculture. These settlements were characterized by simple dwellings, temporary structures, and close proximity to water sources.
(3) Riverine Settlements: Some hymns in the Rigveda describe settlements located along rivers, highlighting the importance of water sources for both agricultural and ritual purposes. These riverine settlements are considered to be hubs of socio-economic and cultural activities.
(4) Shifts and Migrations: Vedic texts also allude to movements, migrations, and interactions with other groups. Some scholars suggest that the early Indo-Aryans might have migrated from the northwest and gradually settled in different regions of the Indian subcontinent.
(5) Urbanization and Fortified Cities: While the Rigveda predominantly emphasizes rural life and pastoral activities, there are references to fortified cities and urban centers. These references indicate that some settlements were more structured and potentially had defensive structures.
(6) Agrarian Society: Certain hymns in the Rigveda refer to agriculture, plowing, and cultivation. This suggests that settled agricultural practices were an integral part of the society, complementing pastoral activities.
(7) Social Organization: The Vedic texts provide insights into social organization based on varna (social class) distinctions. The texts suggest the existence of a hierarchical society with priests, warriors, commoners, and laborers.
(8) Ritual Centers: The Rigveda emphasizes the significance of rituals and sacrifices. Some hymns describe fire altars and ceremonial spaces, suggesting the existence of designated areas for religious activities.
(9) Local Variations: Vedic texts were composed over a considerable span of time and in various regions. As a result, interpretations of human settlements can vary based on regional differences and evolving social dynamics.
Conclusion:
It’s important to approach the study of Vedic sources with caution, as they are primarily religious and poetic in nature. The descriptions of settlements and society are often symbolic and allegorical, making it challenging to extract precise historical information. Scholars often rely on interdisciplinary approaches, including archaeology, linguistic analysis, and comparative studies, to gain a more comprehensive understanding of ancient settlements during the Vedic period.
