Cultural Traditions In India, 750-1200:
Que. How far temple architecture under the Cholas became more refined and grandiose as compared to the early South Indian temple architect are style? [UPSC CSE-2023]
Introduction:
Ans. The Chola dynasty, which ruled over South India from the 9th to the 13th century, played a pivotal role in shaping the evolution of temple architecture in the region. The Chola period witnessed a significant transformation in temple design, marked by innovations in construction techniques, intricate sculptures, and grandiose structures. Comparing the temple architecture under the Cholas to the earlier South Indian temple architecture reveals a distinct shift towards refinement and grandiosity.
Salient features of temple architecture under the Cholas as compared to the early South Indian temple architectural style:
(1) Introduction of Dravida Style: The early South Indian temple architecture, represented by structures like the Shore Temple in Mahabalipuram and the rock-cut temples of Mamallapuram, displayed features of the Nagara style with its pyramidal shikharas (towers). However, under the Cholas, the Dravida style became prominent, characterized by the distinct vimana (tower) structure with a square base and pyramidal superstructure.
(2) Intricate Sculptures and Iconography: The Chola temples showcased a remarkable advancement in sculptural art and iconography. The earlier temples featured relatively simpler and less intricate sculptures, while the Chola temples, such as the Brihadeshwara Temple in Thanjavur and the Airavatesvara Temple in Darasuram, displayed a profusion of detailed and finely carved sculptures. The narratives depicted on the temple walls and pillars illustrated intricate stories from Hindu mythology, showcasing a higher level of craftsmanship and artistic expression.
(3) Introduction of Mandapas and Pillared Halls: The Chola temples introduced mandapas (hall) and pillared halls as integral components of the temple complex. These structures, such as the Raja Gopuram and the Kalyana Mandapa of the Brihadeshwara Temple, served various purposes, including religious ceremonies, cultural events, and community gatherings. This addition marked a departure from the simpler layouts of the earlier temples, signifying a grander vision and multifunctional use of the temple space.
(4) Massive Gopurams (Entrance Towers): One of the distinguishing features of Chola temple architecture was the construction of massive and intricately adorned gopurams. These entrance towers, such as the one at the Brihadeshwara Temple, were monumental in scale and served as imposing gateways to the sacred space. The gopurams, adorned with detailed sculptures and intricate carvings, added a grandiose element to Chola temples, surpassing the scale and opulence of earlier entrance structures.
(5) Temple Town Planning: The Cholas were also known for their meticulous planning of temple towns. The Brihadeshwara Temple complex, for example, included not only the main temple but also numerous smaller shrines, tanks, and interconnected spaces. This comprehensive approach to town planning reflected a sophisticated understanding of the architectural layout, ensuring a harmonious integration of various components within the temple premises.
(6) Patronage of the Chola Rulers: The Chola rulers, particularly Rajaraja Chola and Rajendra Chola, were enthusiastic patrons of the arts and temple construction. Their support and patronage facilitated the realization of ambitious architectural projects. The Brihadeshwara Temple in Thanjavur, commissioned by Rajaraja Chola, stands as an epitome of Chola temple architecture, showcasing the rulers’ commitment to grandeur and architectural excellence.
(7) Advancements in Construction Techniques: The Cholas made advancements in construction techniques, enabling the creation of larger and more intricate temple structures. The Vimana of the Brihadeshwara Temple, for instance, is a monolithic structure, carved from a single piece of granite. This engineering marvel demonstrated the technological prowess of the Chola architects, surpassing the construction methods employed in earlier periods.
(8) Integration of Regional Styles: Chola temple architecture integrated regional styles and influences, creating a synthesis of artistic traditions. While maintaining the core Dravida style, the Cholas incorporated elements from various regions, resulting in a unique and refined architectural language. This integration of diverse styles contributed to the grandiosity and uniqueness of Chola temples.
Conclusion:
The Chola period witnessed a remarkable evolution in temple architecture, marked by refinement and grandiosity compared to the earlier South Indian temple styles. The introduction of the Dravida style, intricate sculptures, massive gopurams, mandapas, and the patronage of Chola rulers collectively elevated the architectural aesthetics and scale of South Indian temples during the Chola dynasty, leaving an indelible mark on the cultural and artistic heritage of the region.
