Vedic Period:
Que. “The copious references to the preservation of the Varnashrama system by the kings eulogized in inscriptions are mere reflection of the Smriti tradition.” Discuss. [UPSC CSE-2016]
Approach:
(1) Explain briefly the given statement.
(2) Mention the principles laid out in various Smriti texts.
(3) Conclude on balanced footing.
Introduction:
The references to the preservation of the Varnashrama system (the fourfold division of society) by kings eulogized in inscriptions often reflect the influence of the Smriti tradition, a body of texts that expound on social norms, ethics, and dharma (righteousness).
The inscriptions that highlight the kings’ commitment to upholding the Varnashrama system are influenced by the broader cultural and religious context, including the principles laid out in various Smriti texts.
The principles laid out in various Smriti texts:
(1) Smriti Tradition: The Smriti tradition encompasses texts such as the Dharmashastras (legal and ethical texts) and the Puranas (mythological and cosmological texts). These texts articulate rules, duties, and social norms for individuals, including kings, to follow in their roles.
(2) Royal Inscriptions: Royal inscriptions were often a means of expressing the king’s piety, legitimacy, and adherence to societal norms. Kings would often assert their commitment to upholding dharma and preserving the Varnashrama system as a way of reinforcing their authority and righteousness.
(3) Legitimization of Rule: Kings in ancient India sought to legitimize their rule by aligning themselves with religious principles and societal norms. Adhering to the Varnashrama system was seen as a way to gain the favor of both divine forces and the subjects.
(4) Connection to Religious Beliefs: The Varnashrama system was closely linked to Hindu religious beliefs, where each varna (social class) had its specific duties and responsibilities. Kings, often depicted as upholders of dharma, would emphasize their role in maintaining the social order.
(5) Social Harmony and Stability: The Varnashrama system was believed to maintain social harmony and stability by allocating roles and responsibilities to different sections of society. Kings would emphasize their commitment to this system as a means of ensuring a balanced and well-functioning society.
(6) Commemoration and Legacy: Inscriptions were a way to commemorate the king’s achievements and virtues for posterity. By mentioning their commitment to the Varnashrama system, kings aimed to leave a positive legacy and showcase their contributions to maintaining societal order.
(7) Influence of Ideology: The inscriptions were influenced by the ideological environment of the time, where adherence to traditional norms and values was valued. This included the Varnashrama system, which was considered a fundamental aspect of society.
(8) Political Stewardship: Upholding the Varnashrama system was seen as a form of political stewardship. The king’s role was not just to govern but also to ensure the welfare of the subjects by maintaining social equilibrium.
Conclusion:
While these inscriptions might reflect the Smriti tradition and broader cultural influences, it’s important to note that their portrayal of kings as upholders of the Varnashrama system might not always accurately represent the ground realities. Political motivations, regional variations, and the evolution of society could have led to variations in how kings implemented these ideals.
The references to the preservation of the Varnashrama system by kings eulogized in inscriptions often align with the Smriti tradition’s principles and reflect the broader cultural and religious context of ancient India. These inscriptions served not only as statements of piety but also as a means of legitimizing and consolidating the king’s rule within the societal framework.
