Que. Describe the new architectural features added by successive Sultans in the construction of Tombs in India.
भारत में मकबरों के निर्माण में आनुक्रमिक सुल्तानों द्वारा जोड़े गए वास्तुकलात्मक अभिलक्षणों का वर्णन कीजिए।
Structure of the Answer
(i) Introduction: Introduce the evolution of “tomb architecture” during the Delhi Sultanate, highlighting new architectural features introduced by successive Sultans.
(ii) Main Body: Describe the key “architectural innovations” in tomb construction, focusing on the stylistic and structural contributions by successive Sultans.
(iii) Conclusion: Summarize the lasting impact of these innovations on the “Islamic architecture” of India and the Mughal era.
Introduction
The tomb architecture in India during the Delhi Sultanate era evolved significantly with new “architectural features” added by successive Sultans. These innovations blended “Islamic elements” with local styles, creating a unique and enduring Indo-Islamic architecture.
Use of Domes and Arches
Successive Sultans introduced the use of “domes” and “arches”, central to Islamic architecture, enhancing the aesthetic grandeur and stability of tombs.
(i) Pointed Arches: Pointed arches were integral to tombs for structural strength and stylistic appeal, combining Persian and local traditions.
(ii) Bulbous Domes: The introduction of “bulbous domes”, like those in the tomb of Sikander Lodi, became a defining element in Sultanate tomb architecture.
(iii) Double Domes: “Double domes” allowed for higher ceilings without distorting exterior proportions, seen prominently in later tombs.
(iv) Chambered Interiors: Interiors of tombs incorporated “chambered spaces” with elaborate ceilings, enhancing the spiritual and spatial experience for visitors.
(v) Qubba and Pishtaq: The central “qubba” (dome) and “pishtaq” (arched gateway) became architectural symbols of Sultanate tombs, merging Persian influence with local styles.
Geometric Symmetry and Layout
Islamic ideals of “order and symmetry” were reflected in the geometric designs and precise layouts of tombs built during the Sultanate era.
(i) Square and Octagonal Plans: Tombs like those of Iltutmish used a “square plan”, while later tombs, such as Sikander Lodi’s, adopted the “octagonal plan”, reflecting evolving architectural preferences.
(ii) Charbagh Layout: The tomb of Humayun introduced the “Charbagh” (four-part garden) concept, reflecting an idealized paradise, blending landscape with architecture.
(iii) Axial Symmetry: Precise “axial alignment” in tomb complexes, with gateways and central tombs, represented cosmic order, symbolic in Islamic architecture.
(iv) Domed Pavilions: The use of “chhatris” (domed pavilions) at corners of tombs reinforced geometric symmetry and provided aesthetic elegance.
(v) Circular Drums for Domes: The placement of domes on “circular drums” added height and visual prominence, enhancing the tomb’s monumental aspect.
Blending of Indigenous and Persian Styles
Tomb architecture under the Sultans saw a fusion of “Persian” and local Indian elements, creating a unique Indo-Islamic aesthetic.
(i) Persian Influence: The influence of “Persian architecture”, seen in tombs like that of Ghiyasuddin Tughlaq, introduced features like calligraphy and intricate stonework.
(ii) Indian Motifs: Local “Indian motifs” such as the lotus were incorporated into the tombs, blending Islamic styles with indigenous traditions.
(iii) Ornamentation and Jalis: The use of intricately carved “jalis” (latticed screens) for light filtration and decoration showcased a blend of craftsmanship and Islamic aesthetic.
(iv) Trabeate Style: Indigenous “trabeate” construction techniques were combined with Islamic arch-based styles, seen in early Sultanate tombs.
(v) Decorative Calligraphy: Persian “calligraphy” was used extensively on tomb facades, integrating art and architecture, often featuring Quranic verses.
Structural and Decorative Innovations
Innovations in both the “structural and decorative” elements of tombs enhanced their visual appeal and longevity.
(i) Stone and Mortar Construction: Stronger materials like “stone and mortar” were introduced to enhance durability, seen in the tomb of Firoz Shah.
(ii) Red Sandstone and Marble: The use of “red sandstone” in early tombs like Sher Shah Suri’s was later supplemented by “marble”, creating visual contrast.
(iii) Marble Inlay Work: Early Sultanate tombs experimented with “marble inlay” that prefigured later Mughal pietra dura work, showcasing exquisite craftsmanship.
(iv) Domed Gateways: The addition of large, domed gateways created an imposing entrance to tomb complexes, symbolizing power and spiritual grandeur.
(v) Cenotaph and Crypt: The concept of a raised “cenotaph” and the underground crypt was introduced, where the former represented the soul’s ascent and the latter the earthly remains.
Conclusion
The architectural innovations introduced by successive Sultans in tomb construction left an enduring legacy in India. These features, blending “Persian and local styles”, greatly influenced later Mughal architecture, shaping India’s rich architectural heritage.
